mxnet.numpy.fallback_linalg¶

Operators that fallback to official NumPy implementation for np.linalg.

mxnet.numpy.fallback_linalg.cond(x, p=None)¶

Compute the condition number of a matrix.

This function is capable of returning the condition number using one of seven different norms, depending on the value of p (see Parameters below).

Parameters:

x ((..., M, N) array_like) – The matrix whose condition number is sought.

p ({None, 1, -1, 2, -2, inf, -inf, 'fro'}, optional) –

Order of the norm used in the condition number computation:

p	norm for matrices
None	2-norm, computed directly using the `SVD`
’fro’	Frobenius norm
inf	max(sum(abs(x), axis=1))
-inf	min(sum(abs(x), axis=1))
1	max(sum(abs(x), axis=0))
-1	min(sum(abs(x), axis=0))
2	2-norm (largest sing. value)
-2	smallest singular value

inf means the numpy.inf object, and the Frobenius norm is the root-of-sum-of-squares norm.

Returns:

c – The condition number of the matrix. May be infinite.

Return type:

{float, inf}

See also

numpy.linalg.norm

Notes

The condition number of x is defined as the norm of x times the norm of the inverse of x [1]_; the norm can be the usual L2-norm (root-of-sum-of-squares) or one of a number of other matrix norms.

References

Examples

>>> from numpy import linalg as LA
>>> a = np.array([[1, 0, -1], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 1]])
>>> a
array([[ 1,  0, -1],
       [ 0,  1,  0],
       [ 1,  0,  1]])
>>> LA.cond(a)
1.4142135623730951
>>> LA.cond(a, 'fro')
3.1622776601683795
>>> LA.cond(a, np.inf)
2.0
>>> LA.cond(a, -np.inf)
1.0
>>> LA.cond(a, 1)
2.0
>>> LA.cond(a, -1)
1.0
>>> LA.cond(a, 2)
1.4142135623730951
>>> LA.cond(a, -2)
0.70710678118654746 # may vary
>>> min(LA.svd(a, compute_uv=False))*min(LA.svd(LA.inv(a), compute_uv=False))
0.70710678118654746 # may vary

mxnet.numpy.fallback_linalg.matrix_power(a, n)¶

Raise a square matrix to the (integer) power n.

For positive integers n, the power is computed by repeated matrix squarings and matrix multiplications. If n == 0, the identity matrix of the same shape as M is returned. If n < 0, the inverse is computed and then raised to the abs(n).

Note

Stacks of object matrices are not currently supported.

Parameters:

a ((..., M, M) array_like) – Matrix to be “powered”.
n (int) – The exponent can be any integer or long integer, positive, negative, or zero.

Returns:

a**n – The return value is the same shape and type as M; if the exponent is positive or zero then the type of the elements is the same as those of M. If the exponent is negative the elements are floating-point.

Return type:

(…, M, M) ndarray or matrix object

Raises:

LinAlgError – For matrices that are not square or that (for negative powers) cannot be inverted numerically.

Examples

>>> from numpy.linalg import matrix_power
>>> i = np.array([[0, 1], [-1, 0]]) # matrix equiv. of the imaginary unit
>>> matrix_power(i, 3) # should = -i
array([[ 0, -1],
       [ 1,  0]])
>>> matrix_power(i, 0)
array([[1, 0],
       [0, 1]])
>>> matrix_power(i, -3) # should = 1/(-i) = i, but w/ f.p. elements
array([[ 0.,  1.],
       [-1.,  0.]])

Somewhat more sophisticated example

>>> q = np.zeros((4, 4))
>>> q[0:2, 0:2] = -i
>>> q[2:4, 2:4] = i
>>> q # one of the three quaternion units not equal to 1
array([[ 0., -1.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 1.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  1.],
       [ 0.,  0., -1.,  0.]])
>>> matrix_power(q, 2) # = -np.eye(4)
array([[-1.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0., -1.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0., -1.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0., -1.]])

mxnet.numpy.fallback_linalg.multi_dot(arrays, *, out=None)¶

Compute the dot product of two or more arrays in a single function call, while automatically selecting the fastest evaluation order.

multi_dot chains numpy.dot and uses optimal parenthesization of the matrices [1]_ [2]. Depending on the shapes of the matrices, this can speed up the multiplication a lot.

If the first argument is 1-D it is treated as a row vector. If the last argument is 1-D it is treated as a column vector. The other arguments must be 2-D.

Think of multi_dot as:

def multi_dot(arrays): return functools.reduce(np.dot, arrays)

Parameters:

arrays (sequence of array_like) – If the first argument is 1-D it is treated as row vector. If the last argument is 1-D it is treated as column vector. The other arguments must be 2-D.
out (ndarray, optional) –
Output argument. This must have the exact kind that would be returned if it was not used. In particular, it must have the right type, must be C-contiguous, and its dtype must be the dtype that would be returned for dot(a, b). This is a performance feature. Therefore, if these conditions are not met, an exception is raised, instead of attempting to be flexible.

Added in version 1.19.0.

Returns:

output – Returns the dot product of the supplied arrays.

Return type:

ndarray